Open and closed systems, reversibility and dynamic equilibrium

What this note covers

1. Chemical systems: physical changes and chemical reactions
2. Open and closed systems, with the examples examiners use
3. Reversibility explained by the activation energies of both directions
4. Approaching equilibrium: what the rates and concentrations do over time
5. The characteristics of a system in dynamic equilibrium
6. Equilibrium position, and why it is independent of the starting point
7. Science as a Human Endeavour: the ocean as a carbon dioxide system
8. How this topic is examined and what separates a top answer

8 sections · 12 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes