Le Châtelier's Principle: temperature, concentration, pressure, volume and catalysts

What this note covers

1. The principle, what it can do and what it cannot
2. Temperature: the enthalpy change decides, the rates explain
3. Concentration in solution: the collision-theory explanation and the shape of the response
4. Partial pressure and total volume for gaseous systems
5. Catalysts, inert gases, solids and liquids: the 'no change' cases
6. Drawing the rate–time and concentration–time graphs for a disturbed equilibrium
7. Applications: seawater chemistry and the industrial trade-off
8. How this topic is examined and what separates a top answer

8 sections · 11 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes