The Fall of the Roman Republic: The Crisis of 49–31 BCE

What this note covers

1. 1. Context and Background: The Republic Under Pressure
2. 2. Causes of the Final Crisis: Caesar, the Senate, and the Rubicon (49 BCE)
3. 3. Course of the Conflict: Civil War, Dictatorship, and Assassination (49–44 BCE)
4. 4. After the Ides: The Second Triumvirate and the Road to Actium (44–31 BCE)
5. 5. Primary Sources: Evidence, Interpretation, and Limitation
6. 6. Short-Term Consequences: The Augustan Settlement and the End of the Republic
7. 7. Long-Term Consequences and Historiographical Significance

7 sections · 14 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes