Acid-base indicators, titrations and volumetric calculations

What this note covers

1. Indicators are weak acids or bases, not pH labels
2. Equivalence point, end point and choosing an indicator
3. The apparatus and why each piece is used
4. The universal titration calculation workflow
5. Back titration, dilution and mass questions
6. Error analysis: decide the direction from the measured titre

6 sections · 10 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes