The Decline of the Qing Dynasty and the Legacy of 1911 (1912–1927)

What this note covers

1. The Dying Empire: Structural Weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty
2. Foreign Imperialism and the Unequal Treaty System
3. The 1911 Revolution: A Republic Without Republicans
4. The Warlord Era: Fragmentation and Violence (1916–1927)
5. The May Fourth Movement (1919): Nationalism, Culture, and Revolutionary Ideas
6. The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party (1921) and the First United Front
7. Synthesising the Long-Term Causes: Continuity, Contingency, and Causation

7 sections · 14 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes