Energy levels, line spectra, excitation and ionisation

What this note covers

1. Line spectra: emission and absorption
2. Energy-level diagrams and the Bohr–Rutherford model
3. Excitation by photons and by electrons
4. Ionisation and ionisation energy
5. Electron standing waves (qualitative)
6. Applications: lasers, astronomy and spectroscopy
7. Exam technique for energy levels

7 sections · 10 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes