The modules, one by one
Each area below lists the concepts named in the course document, what the TASC exam asks of them, and the mistake that most often costs marks.
- Redox foundations
- Balancing in acidic solution
- Reduction potentials and spontaneity
- Cells and circuit conventions
- Electrolysis and corrosion
- Energy and enthalpy
- Calorimetry and experimental limits
- Kinetics and collision theory
- Dynamic equilibrium and Kc
- Equilibrium shifts and acid-base systems
- Periodic structure and trends
- Gases and particle models
- Organic structure and nomenclature
- Organic reactions and synthesis
- Spectroscopy and properties
- Moles, equations and yield
- Solutions and volumetric analysis
- Gas and formula calculations
- Energy, rate and equilibrium calculations
- Electrochemical calculations
Area 1 of 20
Redox foundations
Oxidation is electron loss and reduction is electron gain. Use oxidation-state changes and balanced equations to identify both agents and show the electron transfer that supports the conclusion.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 5: identify and apply electrochemical principles.
Where marks go missing
Confusing oxidation state with ionic charge, or naming an agent without explaining the electron change.
Area 2 of 20
Balancing in acidic solution
Build oxidation and reduction half-equations, balance atoms with H2O and H+, balance charge with electrons, then scale and add. Current course version 4e specifies H+(aq); it does not use hydride for acidic balancing.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 5: construct half-equations and overall redox equations.
Where marks go missing
Using H− instead of H+, omitting states/charges, or failing to check total charge.
Area 3 of 20
Reduction potentials and spontaneity
Use the electrochemical series as reduction potentials, compare compatible redox couples and calculate E°cell under standard conditions. Explain spontaneity through a positive cell potential and the species that accepts/donates electrons.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 5: compare electrode potentials and predict redox reactions.
Where marks go missing
Reversing a half-equation without changing its potential sign, or comparing unrelated oxidiser and reducer species.
Area 4 of 20
Cells and circuit conventions
A galvanic cell couples oxidation and reduction through an external electron path and internal ion movement. Label anode/cathode, polarity, electrolyte and salt bridge precisely; show electrons travelling through the wire.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 5: represent galvanic cells, cell notation and circuit processes.
Where marks go missing
Calling every spontaneous redox reaction a cell, or drawing electron flow through solution or air.
Area 5 of 20
Electrolysis and corrosion
Electrolysis applies external electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous change; competing aqueous products depend on species, concentrations and electrode material. Corrosion is an electrochemical process that can be controlled by suitable barriers or sacrificial protection.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 5: predict electrolysis products and apply electrochemistry to corrosion and metal processing.
Where marks go missing
Ignoring competing reactions, or treating corrosion as a non-redox surface change.
Area 6 of 20
Energy and enthalpy
Represent energy changes with consistent system boundaries, signs and energy profiles. Explain how bond changes relate to enthalpy and distinguish reaction enthalpy from activation energy.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 6: apply thermochemical principles.
Where marks go missing
Calling a catalyst an energy source or reversing the sign of heat without naming the system.
Area 7 of 20
Calorimetry and experimental limits
Use q=mcΔT and supplied calibration terms to estimate heat transfer, then link energy to the amount reacting. Assess heat loss, assumptions, measurement precision and whether a temperature rise means the reaction or surroundings released heat.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 6: interpret thermochemistry and evaluate experimental evidence.
Where marks go missing
Using an unexplained sign convention or reporting a heat value with no units or molar basis.
Area 8 of 20
Kinetics and collision theory
Rate depends on effective collisions and activation energy. Temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area and catalysts affect collision frequency or the fraction of particles able to react in ways that can be explained from the model.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 6: apply kinetics and interpret rate evidence.
Where marks go missing
Claiming particles move faster because collisions become more frequent, without linking temperature to kinetic energy.
Area 9 of 20
Dynamic equilibrium and Kc
A closed reversible system at equilibrium has equal forward and reverse rates, not necessarily equal concentrations. Write Kc from the balanced equation and omit pure solids and liquids before substituting equilibrium concentrations.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 6: calculate and interpret equilibrium constants.
Where marks go missing
Including solids in Kc or describing equilibrium as a stopped reaction.
Area 10 of 20
Equilibrium shifts and acid-base systems
Use Q relative to K and Le Chatelier's principle to predict a response to a changed condition, then distinguish rate from final position. Apply Brønsted-Lowry pairs, Ka, Kw, pH and titration evidence to the specific acid-base system.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 6: analyse equilibrium and acid-base systems quantitatively and qualitatively.
Where marks go missing
Saying a catalyst changes equilibrium position, or treating pH as a linear scale.
Area 11 of 20
Periodic structure and trends
Electron configuration, effective nuclear attraction, shielding and distance explain periodic changes in properties. Use specific evidence to explain both general trends and the relevant exception.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 7: explain properties of inorganic matter using chemical principles.
Where marks go missing
Stating a trend without a particle-level cause, or confusing oxidation number and charge.
Area 12 of 20
Gases and particle models
Kinetic molecular theory connects particle motion and collisions to pressure, volume and temperature. Apply the gas equations with kelvin and consistent pressure/volume units, while recognising ideal-gas assumptions and any supplied non-ideal context.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 7: explain gas behaviour and inorganic chemical properties.
Where marks go missing
Using Celsius in a gas equation or claiming ideal particles have no mass rather than negligible volume/intermolecular forces.
Area 13 of 20
Organic structure and nomenclature
Recognise functional groups and represent molecular structure with accepted formula conventions. IUPAC names and complete structural drawings communicate the same chemical identity without ambiguity.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 7: identify organic structures and properties.
Where marks go missing
Naming a broad family when the question asks for a particular molecule, or omitting required hydrogens.
Area 14 of 20
Organic reactions and synthesis
Functional groups determine characteristic reaction pathways; select reagents and conditions that produce the intended product. Explain how yield, purity and polymer structure depend on the route and process choices.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 7: demonstrate understanding of organic reactions and chemical synthesis.
Where marks go missing
Drawing an unbalanced transformation or a polymer repeat unit without bonds continuing through the chain.
Area 15 of 20
Spectroscopy and properties
Treat IR and mass-spectrometry data as complementary evidence. Identify diagnostic features, test candidate structures against every relevant observation, and relate molecular polarity/intermolecular forces to physical properties where asked.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 7: interpret analytical data and explain matter properties.
Where marks go missing
Giving a structure without citing a diagnostic wavenumber or treating a missing peak as positive evidence.
Area 16 of 20
Moles, equations and yield
Use a balanced equation to convert between amount of reactant and product, identify the limiting reagent, and compare actual with theoretical yield. Preserve units and explain what each calculated amount represents.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 8: solve stoichiometric chemical problems.
Where marks go missing
Calculating product from the excess reagent or applying the mole ratio before balancing the equation.
Area 17 of 20
Solutions and volumetric analysis
Relate amount, volume and concentration through a balanced reaction ratio. Include dilution, aliquot and titre relationships explicitly so the final concentration corresponds to the original sample.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 8: solve solution and titration calculations.
Where marks go missing
Using burette volume as though it were the total sample volume or skipping the mole ratio.
Area 18 of 20
Gas and formula calculations
Use molar mass, composition and gas relationships to infer amounts or formulae. Convert temperature to kelvin, keep pressure and volume units compatible, and check integer atom ratios against the evidence.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 8: solve gas, composition and formula problems.
Where marks go missing
Rounding before the final step or reporting an empirical ratio that is not checked for a whole-number formula.
Area 19 of 20
Energy, rate and equilibrium calculations
Select the relationship that matches the supplied quantities, show substitutions and interpret the result chemically. For equilibrium or rate work, check that calculated amounts remain possible and respond to any requested condition change.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 8: solve quantitative thermochemistry, kinetics and equilibrium problems.
Where marks go missing
Using a formula without defining symbols, omitting units, or accepting a negative concentration.
Area 20 of 20
Electrochemical calculations
Connect potential, amount of electrons and electrical charge to the specified cell or electrolysis task. Use q=It and Faraday's constant with stoichiometric electron ratios, then report mass, current or time with units and suitable precision.
What the exam asks
External Criterion 8: solve quantitative electrochemistry problems.
Where marks go missing
Using charge without converting through moles of electrons or applying the wrong half-equation coefficient.