QCAA Accounting General Senior Syllabus 2025 (first examined 2026)
External assessment is a combination-response examination. Students work from a multiple choice question book and a question and response book, with a stimulus book of business source data in some years, and marking guides published alongside the papers. Multiple choice items test definitions, correct treatments and quick calculations, while the response section requires journal entries, ledger and report preparation, ratio calculation and written interpretation. Only Units 3 and 4 are externally examined, and because processing errors carry forward, accuracy early in a multi-part question protects every mark after it.
Past papers on this subject span more than one syllabus. Papers written under an older one still work as practice, but the units and topics they test have changed — the index labels every paper with the syllabus it was set under.
Syllabus 2019 v2.0 (implementation from 2019, examined 2020–2025) · 2020–2025Syllabus 2025 v1.x (implementation from 2025, first examined 2026) · 2026–present
The units and topics, one by one
Each area below lists the concepts named in the syllabus, what the QCAA exam asks of them, and the mistake that most often costs marks.
Area 1 of 7
Cash management (Unit 3, Topic 1)
This topic separates cash from profit, which is its conceptual heart. You study the nature of cash and cash flows, then work through bank reconciliation — matching the cash records of the business against the bank statement, identifying unpresented cheques, outstanding deposits, bank charges, dishonoured items and errors, and adjusting whichever record is actually wrong. Cash budgets come next: estimating receipts from accounts receivable using a collection pattern, timing payments, and treating GST payable and receivable correctly so the budget shows the real cash position. Spreadsheet features and functions are part of the subject matter, since budgets are built and flexed electronically. Finally you compare a cash budget with a Statement of Cash Flows — one a forward-looking plan, the other a historical report — and questions often turn on knowing which document answers the manager's question.
What the syllabus lists under this area · 5 points
- Nature of cash and cash flows
- Bank reconciliation
- Cash budgets — estimated receipts from accounts receivable and GST payable/receivable
- Spreadsheet features/functions for cash budgeting
- Comparison of cash budgets vs Statement of Cash Flows
What the exam asks
Expect a reconciliation or a budget to prepare from source data, followed by a short written question asking what the result means for the business and what the owner should do about it. The calculation is only half the marks; the interpretation has to refer to the specific figures you produced.
Where marks go missing
Adjusting the wrong record in a bank reconciliation — putting items the bank has not yet processed into the cash book, or bank fees and dishonoured cheques into the reconciliation statement instead of the records. One misplaced item corrupts the closing balance.
Area 2 of 7
Managing resources for a sole trader business (Unit 3, Topic 2)
This topic is about the decisions behind the numbers. You examine how a sole trader acquires and manages resources — buying outright, financing, leasing — and how those choices affect cash, profit and the balance sheet. Asset valuation and depreciation sit at the centre: calculating depreciation under the straight line and reducing balance methods, understanding that the method and the estimated useful life change reported profit without changing cash, and recording disposals. Non-current asset registers are the record that tracks each asset's cost, accumulated depreciation and carrying amount over its life. Ethical considerations run through the topic — depreciation estimates, valuation choices, and the obligation to represent the business faithfully rather than flatteringly — so a question can ask you to judge a proposed treatment, not merely perform it.
What the syllabus lists under this area · 4 points
- Resource acquisition and management decisions
- Asset valuation and depreciation choices
- Non-current asset registers
- Ethical considerations in resource management
What the exam asks
Questions typically supply asset details and require depreciation calculations, register entries or a disposal, then ask you to advise between two treatments or evaluate an owner's proposal. Marks on the written part depend on linking the accounting effect back to the decision, including its ethical dimension where the scenario raises one.
Where marks go missing
Answering a method-choice question by describing both methods. The marks are for a recommendation tied to the asset's actual pattern of use and the owner's stated purpose, with the effect on reported profit and carrying amount spelled out.
Area 3 of 7
Accounting for a trading GST business (Unit 3/4 transition — recording and reporting)
Here the mechanics get real. Double entry accounting is applied to a trading business, where inventory is bought and sold rather than a service delivered, and every transaction is recorded GST-inclusive with the GST component separated into the correct account. Under the perpetual inventory system each sale generates two entries — the revenue side and the cost of sales side — so inventory and cost of sales stay current at every point in the period. Balance day adjustments are the other pillar: accrued and prepaid revenues and expenses, applied so the reports reflect the period rather than the cash movements. Getting these right depends on holding the accrual concept firmly — revenue recognised when earned, expenses when incurred — because almost every report later in the course is built on adjusted figures.
What the syllabus lists under this area · 4 points
- Double entry accounting for trading businesses
- GST-inclusive transactions
- Balance day adjustments (accrued/prepaid revenue and expenses)
- Perpetual inventory system
What the exam asks
Journal entries and balance day adjustments are examined directly, often as the first stage of a longer question whose later parts depend on them. Written parts ask why an adjustment is required, so you need to name the underlying concept — accrual, matching, reporting period — rather than just narrating the entry.
Where marks go missing
Mishandling GST on a mixed transaction, or reversing an accrual and a prepayment. Both errors flow through the ledger into the reports, and later parts of the question only follow through on your figures if the original entries are defensible.
Area 4 of 7
Complete accounting process for a trading GST business (Unit 4, Topic 2)
This topic is the full cycle from end to end. You prepare general journal entries, post to ledger accounts, extract a trial balance, then produce the three reports: a fully classified Statement of Profit or Loss that separates cost of sales, other income and expense classifications so gross profit and profit for the period are visible; a fully classified Statement of Financial Position distinguishing current and non-current assets and liabilities and showing owner's equity; and a Statement of Cash Flows split into operating, investing and financing activities. Classification is not cosmetic — it is what makes the reports usable for the ratio analysis in the next topic, because gross profit, current assets and operating cash flows only exist as figures when the statements are classified properly.
What the syllabus lists under this area · 5 points
- General journal entries
- Ledger and trial balance preparation
- Fully classified Statement of Profit or Loss
- Fully classified Statement of Financial Position
- Statement of Cash Flows preparation
What the exam asks
The longest response items live here: a set of transactions or an adjusted trial balance to convert into classified reports. Marks are spread across correct classification, correct treatment of adjustments and correct totals, and a written part may ask what the reports reveal about the business's performance or liquidity.
Where marks go missing
Losing classification marks on an otherwise correct report — an expense in the wrong section, a liability misclassified by term, or a cash flow placed under investing when it is operating. The arithmetic can be flawless and the report still fail its purpose.
Area 5 of 7
Performance analysis of a public company (Unit 4, Topic 3)
The final examined topic turns reports into judgements. You calculate profitability ratios such as gross profit margin, net profit margin and return on assets; liquidity ratios such as the current and quick ratios together with the turnover measures that drive them; and stability ratios measuring gearing and reliance on debt. Ratio, vertical, horizontal and trend analysis are then applied to read the story across several years and against an industry benchmark. Equally examinable is what complicates comparison: differing accounting policies, one-off items, different balance dates, size and industry differences, and the limits of historical figures. Stakeholders — shareholders, lenders, managers, employees — want different things from the same statements, so a strong response works out who is asking before deciding what the numbers mean.
What the syllabus lists under this area · 7 points
- Profitability ratios
- Liquidity ratios
- Stability ratios
- Ratio, vertical, horizontal and trend analysis
- Factors complicating financial statement comparisons
- Benchmarking within an industry
- Stakeholder use of analysis results
What the exam asks
You are given a public company's financial data and asked to calculate selected ratios, interpret the trend and recommend a course of action for a named stakeholder. Marks concentrate in the interpretation: explaining what caused a movement, acknowledging the limitations of the comparison, and reaching a justified conclusion.
Where marks go missing
Restating the ratio in words — 'the current ratio fell from 2.1 to 1.6, so liquidity worsened' — without proposing a cause from the data or judging whether that level is a problem for the stakeholder named. Describing movement is the lowest-scoring answer type.
Area 6 of 7
Entities and the role of accounting (Unit 1 — foundational, not externally examined)
Unit 1 lays the groundwork the rest of the subject assumes. You compare types of business entities — sole trader, partnership, company — and how ownership structure affects liability, control, access to finance and the reporting the entity must produce. You examine the role of accounting itself: who the users of accounting information are, what decisions they make with it, and why one set of figures serves an owner, a lender and a supplier differently. Double entry accounting principles are established here, including the accounting equation, debit and credit rules, the classification of accounts, and the qualitative characteristics that make information useful for decisions. None of this appears as its own question in the external examination, but every entry you make and every interpretation you write later rests on it.
What the syllabus lists under this area · 3 points
- Types of business entities
- Role and users of accounting information
- Double entry accounting principles
What the exam asks
Not examined directly, since external assessment draws on Units 3 and 4. The content surfaces indirectly whenever a question asks you to justify a treatment or explain what a report tells a particular user, both of which depend on the entity and user concepts established in this unit.
Where marks go missing
Skipping the conceptual layer and learning entries as procedures. Students who cannot say which user needs a figure and why struggle with the written interpretation marks that carry the Unit 4 questions, even when their processing is flawless.
Area 7 of 7
End-of-period reporting (Units 1–2 — foundational, not externally examined)
These units rehearse the reporting cycle at a manageable scale before Unit 4 demands it under exam conditions. You first prepare end-of-month reports for a service business with no GST, where the transactions are simple and the focus is the sequence: record, adjust, report, close. You then move to end-of-year reporting for a trading GST business, which adds inventory, cost of sales and the GST accounts, and lengthens the adjustment stage considerably. The value of these units is procedural fluency — knowing the order of steps by heart so that in Unit 4 your attention goes to classification and interpretation instead of remembering what comes next. Errors that survive this stage, particularly in adjustments and closing entries, reliably resurface in the external examination.
What the syllabus lists under this area · 2 points
- End-of-month reporting for a service business (no GST)
- End-of-year reporting for a trading GST business
What the exam asks
Assessed internally rather than externally, but the process it drills is exactly what the longest exam questions require. Speed and accuracy through the record–adjust–report sequence decide whether you reach the classified reports with time left for the written interpretation parts that follow them.
Where marks go missing
Treating these units as low-stakes practice. A habit formed here — omitting narrations, skipping the trial balance check, or leaving adjustments until last — becomes an unrecoverable error under exam timing, because the report parts depend on each other.