Magma types, explosivity and volcanic hazards: ash, lava, lahars and gases; effusive versus explosive eruptions

What this note covers

1. Magma types and what controls explosivity
2. Volcanic hazards: ash and lava
3. Volcanic hazards: lahars and poisonous gases
4. Effusive versus explosive: impacts on the biosphere and atmosphere
5. Tephra, ash and the evidence of past eruptions
6. Exam technique for volcanic hazards

6 sections · 10 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes