Free WACE Year 11 Human Biology Flashcard Review
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List the levels of organisation from cell to organism.
Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.
Which organelle releases most of a cell's ATP?
The mitochondrion, site of the aerobic stages of cellular respiration.
What does the Golgi body do?
Modifies, sorts and packages proteins into vesicles for secretion or use in the cell.
Why is the membrane described as 'fluid'?
Phospholipids and many proteins can move sideways within the bilayer.
Name two substances that cross the membrane by simple diffusion.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide (small, non-polar molecules).
How does facilitated diffusion differ from active transport?
Both use membrane proteins, but facilitated diffusion is passive down a gradient while active transport uses ATP to move against a gradient.
Define osmosis.
Net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from lower to higher solute concentration.
What happens to a red blood cell in distilled water?
Water enters by osmosis; the cell swells and may burst (haemolysis).
Calculate SA:V for a 3 cm cube.
SA = 6 × 9 = 54 cm², V = 27 cm³, so SA:V = 2:1.
Name the four basic tissue types.
Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.
Which epithelium suits rapid diffusion, and where is it found?
Simple squamous epithelium, for example in alveoli and capillary walls.
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis takes material into the cell in vesicles; exocytosis releases material when vesicles fuse with the membrane.
Distinguish anabolic and catabolic reactions.
Anabolic reactions build large molecules and require energy; catabolic reactions break molecules down and release energy.
How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?
It lowers the activation energy by binding the substrate at its active site.
What is the induced-fit model?
The active site changes shape slightly as the substrate binds, giving a closer fit and straining bonds.
Where does glycolysis occur and what is its net ATP yield?
In the cytosol; net 2 ATP per glucose.
Write the overall equation for aerobic respiration.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (about 30–32 ATP; older textbooks give 36–38).
What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in human muscle?
Lactic acid (lactate).
Why does enzyme activity fall above the optimum temperature?
Bonds holding the tertiary structure break, the active site changes shape and the enzyme is denatured.
How can the effect of a competitive inhibitor be reduced?
By increasing substrate concentration so substrate out-competes the inhibitor for active sites.