Free WACE Year 11 Chemistry ATAR Flashcard Review
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What makes a question investigable?
It specifies observable or measurable outcomes under achievable conditions.
Hypothesis versus prediction?
A hypothesis proposes an explained relationship; a prediction states an expected observation.
Why record source details?
They make research traceable and allow evidence quality to be evaluated.
Why use fresh independent repeats?
They reveal variability in the complete procedure.
How is sample mass found by difference?
Subtract empty-container mass from container-plus-sample mass.
How should a temperature probe be positioned?
Immerse the sensing region consistently without touching the vessel wall.
Why run a flame-test blank?
It reveals contamination from the apparatus or background.
Why dry a separated residue to constant mass?
Remaining water would inflate the apparent solid mass.
What belongs on graph axes?
Independent variable horizontally and dependent variable vertically, each with units.
Do repeats remove systematic bias?
No; identify and correct its source.
What makes a useful evaluation?
A specific limitation, its effect and a targeted improvement.
What limits a conclusion?
Tested conditions, uncertainty, controls and evidence quality.
What defines an element?
Its atomic number: the number of protons in its nucleus.
What did cathode rays reveal?
Atoms contain negatively charged electrons.
What did rare large alpha deflections imply?
A tiny, massive, positively charged nucleus.
What evidence supports discrete electron energies?
Characteristic atomic line spectra.
What did Chadwick identify?
The neutron: neutral, with mass similar to a proton.
What is sodium’s shell configuration?
2,8,1 for the neutral atom.
Why do main-group properties repeat?
Valence electron arrangements recur as atomic number increases.
Why do atoms generally get larger down a group?
Additional occupied shells and shielding increase outer-electron distance.