Free VCE Year 11 Physical Education Flashcard Review
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What distinguishes axial and appendicular skeletons?
Axial includes skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage; appendicular includes limbs and their girdles.
How do tendons and ligaments differ?
Tendons transfer muscle force to bone; ligaments connect bones and help stabilise joints.
How do flexion and extension differ?
Generally flexion decreases and extension increases a joint angle; specify joint and movement phase.
Why are agonist and antagonist roles contextual?
They refer to the specified action; a muscle with the opposing action can also contribute control or stability.
What are concentric, eccentric and isometric actions?
Tension with shortening, tension with lengthening, and tension without appreciable length change respectively.
How can slow- and fast-twitch fibres be compared?
Slow fibres are relatively fatigue resistant; fast fibres support rapid/powerful action, with differing fast-fibre fatigue characteristics.
What does the size principle describe?
Generally lower-threshold smaller motor units are recruited before higher-threshold units as force demand increases.
Why can force vary if activation is all-or-nothing?
Whole-muscle force changes with motor-unit recruitment and firing rate; it is not always maximal.
What identifies first-, second- and third-class levers?
The middle component is respectively fulcrum, resistance and effort.
What is torque in the simplified perpendicular-force model?
Force × perpendicular moment arm, measured in newton metres.
How do acute injury, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis differ?
Sudden tissue injury, a joint disease involving several tissues, and reduced bone strength/fracture risk are different mechanisms.
What makes an enhancement evaluation defensible?
A dated applicable source, proposed mechanism, task-specific evidence, realistic benefits and health/product-quality limitations; not an advertisement or personal dosing plan.
What route carries blood from systemic tissues back to them through the lungs?
Venae cavae → right atrium/ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium/ventricle → aorta/systemic tissues.
Why can an artery carry relatively deoxygenated blood?
Artery describes flow away from the heart; the pulmonary artery carries blood toward lung exchange.
How is cardiac output calculated with stroke volume in mL?
Heart rate × stroke volume gives mL/min; divide by 1,000 for L/min, using one ventricle’s output.
How do ventilation, perfusion and diffusion differ?
Air movement, blood flow and gas movement down partial-pressure gradients are distinct linked processes.
How does quiet inspiration occur?
Diaphragm contraction and thoracic expansion increase volume and lower alveolar pressure relative to the atmosphere.
Where does oxygen move at the lung and at active muscle?
Alveoli to pulmonary blood, then systemic blood toward muscle tissue, following appropriate partial-pressure gradients.
Why is minute ventilation not oxygen uptake?
It measures air moved per minute, including conducting-space air; exchange, blood carriage and tissue use also matter.
How does skin vasodilation contribute to thermoregulation?
It increases skin blood flow and can support transfer of heat to the environment under suitable conditions.