Free VCE Year 11 Chemistry Flashcard Review
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What do the atomic number and mass number tell you?
Z = protons; A = protons + neutrons; neutrons = A − Z.
Define isotopes.
Atoms of the same element (same Z) with different numbers of neutrons, so different mass numbers.
How many electrons in O²⁻ (Z = 8)?
8 + 2 = 10 electrons.
Subshell configuration of K (Z = 19)?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹
Trend in atomic radius across a period and why?
Decreases: core charge increases while electrons stay in the same shell, so they are pulled closer.
Trend in first ionisation energy down a group?
Decreases: outer electron is further from the nucleus and more shielded.
Give two critical elements and a use for each.
Helium for cooling MRI magnets; neodymium for permanent magnets in wind turbines (also phosphorus for fertiliser).
Shape of NH₃ and H₂O?
NH₃ pyramidal (1 lone pair); H₂O bent (2 lone pairs).
When is a molecule polar?
When it has polar bonds and an unsymmetrical shape so the dipoles do not cancel.
Requirement for hydrogen bonding?
H covalently bonded to F, O or N, attracted to a lone pair on F, O or N of another molecule.
Why do molecular substances not conduct electricity?
Molecules are neutral; there are no free ions or delocalised electrons to carry charge.
Why does graphite conduct but diamond does not?
Graphite: each C bonds to 3 others, the fourth electron is delocalised across layers. Diamond: all 4 electrons are in bonds.
Describe the structure of a solid metal.
A regular lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised valence electrons.
Why are metals malleable and ductile?
Metallic bonding is non-directional, so layers of cations can slide past each other while still attracted to the electron sea.
Why does aluminium have a higher melting point than sodium?
Al contributes 3 delocalised electrons and forms smaller, more highly charged ions, so the metallic attraction is stronger.
General products when a reactive metal reacts with water?
Metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas, e.g. 2K + 2H₂O → 2KOH + H₂.
General products when a metal reacts with dilute acid?
A salt + hydrogen gas, e.g. Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂.
Why are metals well suited to a circular economy?
Metallic bonding re-forms after melting, so metals can be recycled repeatedly without losing their properties, saving ore and energy.
How does an ionic bond form?
Metal atoms transfer electrons to non-metal atoms; the resulting oppositely charged ions attract electrostatically.
Formulas of carbonate, phosphate, hydrogen carbonate and ammonium ions?
CO₃²⁻, PO₄³⁻, HCO₃⁻, NH₄⁺