Free VCE Year 11 Biology Flashcard Review
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What is the basic structural unit of life?
The cell
Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?
Free in the cytoplasm, in the nucleoid region (no nucleus)
Name two features found only in eukaryotic cells.
A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Formula for SA:V of a cube of side L?
SA = 6L², V = L³, so SA:V = 6 ÷ L
What happens to SA:V as a cell grows?
It decreases, because volume increases faster than surface area
Why do eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?
They compartmentalise reactions so different functions occur efficiently in separate spaces
Function of mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration: producing ATP
What are cristae?
Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for ATP production
Function of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis, converting light energy to chemical energy in glucose
Describe the plasma membrane structure.
A phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads outward and hydrophobic tails inward, with embedded proteins
Which direction does water move in osmosis?
From lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
Difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Facilitated diffusion is passive, down the gradient; active transport goes against the gradient and uses ATP
What type of reproduction is binary fission?
Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes producing two genetically identical cells.
What happens to the circular chromosome at the start of binary fission?
It is replicated, and the two copies attach to different parts of the plasma membrane.
Name the three sub-phases of interphase.
G1, S and G2.
What happens in S phase?
DNA is replicated, so each chromosome has two sister chromatids.
What happens in prophase?
Chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres form.
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up at the equator with spindle fibres attached to their centromeres.
What happens in anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
What happens in telophase?
Nuclear envelopes reform around each chromosome set and the spindle breaks down.