Free TCE Year 11 Sport Science – Foundation Flashcard Review
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Describe the anatomical position.
Standing upright, facing forward, feet flat and parallel, arms by the sides, palms facing forward.
Is the elbow proximal or distal to the wrist?
Proximal: it is closer to where the arm attaches to the trunk.
What is the difference between medial and lateral?
Medial is closer to the body's midline; lateral is further from it.
Define circumduction.
Circular movement of the distal end of a limb, combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (e.g. arm circles at the shoulder).
Supination versus pronation?
Supination turns the palm up or forward; pronation turns it down or back. Both occur at the radioulnar joints.
List five functions of the skeleton.
Support, protection, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage.
Where is red bone marrow found and what does it do?
In spongy bone (e.g. ends of long bones, pelvis, sternum); it produces blood cells.
Give one example each of a fibrous and a cartilaginous joint.
Fibrous: cranial sutures. Cartilaginous: intervertebral discs (or pubic symphysis).
What does synovial fluid do?
Lubricates the joint to reduce friction and nourishes the articular cartilage.
Name the joint type and movements at the hip.
Synovial ball-and-socket: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.
Isotonic, isometric, isokinetic: define each briefly.
Isotonic: muscle changes length (concentric or eccentric). Isometric: tension without length change. Isokinetic: constant speed through the full range.
Why do type I fibres resist fatigue?
They have many mitochondria, lots of myoglobin and a rich capillary supply, so they make ATP aerobically.
List the airway path from trachea to the site of gas exchange.
Trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
Why is gas exchange in the alveoli so efficient?
Very large surface area, walls one cell thick, dense capillary network, and a steep concentration gradient for diffusion.
Define tidal volume and vital capacity.
Tidal volume: air moved in one normal breath. Vital capacity: maximum air breathed out after a maximal breath in.
Formula for minute ventilation?
V̇E = tidal volume × respiratory frequency (L/min).
Formula for cardiac output?
Q = stroke volume × heart rate (convert mL to L for L/min).
How is maximum heart rate estimated?
220 − age (bpm).
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
The right ventricle, via the pulmonary artery (pulmonary circulation).
What does a widening a-vO₂ difference during exercise show?
Working muscles are extracting more oxygen from each litre of blood.