Free TCE Year 11 Psychology Flashcard Review

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When and where did psychology become a separate laboratory science?

In 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt opened a psychology laboratory in Leipzig and began measuring mental processes systematically.

Name the four perspectives used to study behaviour in this course.

Biological, behavioural, cognitive and socio-cultural.

List the steps of the scientific method in order.

Define the problem, review the literature, propose a hypothesis, choose a research design, collect data, analyse results, draw conclusions.

What is the difference between single-blind and double-blind procedures?

Single-blind: participants do not know their condition. Double-blind: neither participants nor the data-collecting researcher know, which also controls experimenter effects.

How does stratified sampling differ from random sampling?

Random gives every population member an equal chance; stratified first divides the population into subgroups and samples each in proportion to its size.

Give one strength and one limitation of a case study.

Strength: rich, detailed data on rare conditions. Limitation: results from one person may not generalise to others.

In which direction does the mean move in a positively skewed distribution?

Above the median, because a tail of high scores pulls it upward.

What does r = +0.25 tell you?

A weak positive relationship: the two variables tend slightly to increase together.

Name the four types of reliability in the course glossary.

Test-retest, inter-rater, parallel forms and internal consistency.

What is external validity?

The degree to which findings can be generalised to other populations, settings and times.

What are the course’s four key ethical considerations?

Voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality of data.

State three IP writing rules.

Any three of: 800–1200 words with a cumulative count every 200 words; third person; past-tense methodology; aim and hypothesis at the end of the Introduction; APA referencing; student number only.

Distinguish sex from gender.

Sex is biological (chromosomes, gonads, hormones, anatomy); gender is the psychological, social and cultural meaning attached to being male, female or another gender.

What is androgyny?

Having high levels of both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine traits, as measured by Bem’s Sex-Role Inventory.

What chromosome pattern defines Klinefelter syndrome?

XXY: a male with an extra X chromosome, usually with low testosterone.

What happened to children in the Batista family at puberty?

XY children who looked female at birth and were raised as girls were masculinised by a testosterone surge, and most adopted a male gender identity.

What did Money and Ehrhardt (1972) find in girls with CAH?

Compared with controls they were more often described as tomboyish, preferring boys’ toys and active play, while identifying as female.

Why is AIS relevant to the biological argument?

XY individuals whose cells ignore androgens develop female bodies and usually female identities, showing that hormone response, not chromosomes alone, shapes development.

What did Kimura (1987) propose?

Average differences between men and women in brain organisation of speech and motor functions, linked to verbal advantages for women and spatial advantages for men, influenced by hormones.

State Kohlberg’s three stages of gender development.

Gender identity (about 2–3), gender stability (about 3–5), gender constancy (usually by about 5–7; ages vary between studies).