Free SACE Year 11 Modern History Flashcard Review
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What is the difference between formal and informal empire?
Formal empire is direct political control of territory; informal empire is dominance through trade, finance, treaties or threat of force without annexation.
What did the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 do?
European powers agreed rules for claiming African territory, including the idea of effective occupation, which accelerated the partition of Africa.
Name four broad categories of motive for imperial expansion.
Economic, political, cultural and territorial or strategic motives.
What was J. A. Hobson's main argument in Imperialism: A Study (1902)?
That investors seeking outlets for surplus capital pushed governments into imperial expansion.
What did Gallagher and Robinson argue in 1953?
That Britain preferred informal influence through free trade and turned to formal rule only when circumstances made informal control impossible.
Why is Macaulay's Minute on Education (1835) significant?
It promoted English-language education for an Indian elite, an example of imposing the coloniser's language and culture.
How did indentured labour change Fiji?
From 1879 to 1916 Indian indentured labourers were brought to work on plantations, creating a large Indo-Fijian community and lasting political change.
Give two examples of armed resistance to imperial expansion.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 and Ethiopia's victory over Italy at Adwa in 1896.
What was the Fashoda Incident (1898)?
A confrontation between British and French forces on the Upper Nile that brought the two empires close to war before France withdrew.
Why was Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) significant?
It showed a non-European power defeating a European empire, challenging ideas of European superiority.
What is meant by the gap between ideals and realities of empire?
The difference between claims such as spreading civilisation or ending slavery and the actual violence, exploitation and inequality experienced by colonised peoples.
What should a source log record for each source?
Full reference details, origin, purpose, type of source, relevance to the focusing question, and its strengths and limitations.
Why do historians call decolonisation an ongoing process?
Because colonial economic, cultural, legal and political structures often continued long after formal independence.
What was UN Resolution 1514 (1960)?
A General Assembly declaration that colonial rule denied fundamental human rights and that colonised peoples had a right to self-determination.
When did Papua New Guinea become independent, and from whom?
On 16 September 1975, from Australian administration.
What did Dadabhai Naoroji's 'drain' theory argue?
That British rule transferred wealth out of India through taxes, salaries and trade, impoverishing the colony.
How was Algeria legally different from most colonies?
France treated northern Algeria as part of France, organised as departments, with a large European settler population.
How did the Second World War weaken European empires in Southeast Asia?
Japan's conquests destroyed the image of European invincibility and allowed nationalists to organise and proclaim independence in 1945.
What were the Salt March (1930) and Quit India (1942)?
Mass campaigns of the Indian National Congress, the first a non-violent breach of the salt law and the second a demand for immediate British withdrawal.
Who was Bibi Titi Mohamed?
A leader who mobilised thousands of women into TANU, the party that led Tanganyika to independence in 1961.