Free SACE Year 11 Biology Flashcard Review
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What distinguishes living cellular systems?
Cells, regulated metabolism and hereditary information, considered together.
What is cell theory?
Organisms consist of cells; cells are basic functional units and arise from existing cells.
What do prokaryotes lack?
A membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What precedes cell division?
DNA copying, allowing hereditary information to be distributed.
What is an autotroph?
An organism that builds organic matter from inorganic carbon sources.
What does aerobic respiration produce?
Carbon dioxide and water, with energy released from glucose.
What is osmosis?
Net water movement across a selectively permeable membrane down a water-potential gradient.
How does active transport differ from diffusion?
It requires energy to move substances against their gradient.
Why is a large area-to-volume ratio useful?
It provides more exchange area per unit volume and demand.
Name three microbial groups.
Bacteria, microscopic fungi and microscopic protists.
Why does salt preserve some foods?
It lowers water availability and can draw water out of microbes.
Why cannot repeats fix every error?
Repeats help estimate random variation but cannot remove a shared systematic bias.
What makes a condition infectious?
A pathogen causes it and can be transmitted by a relevant route.
Why are viruses dependent on hosts?
They use host cell machinery to reproduce.
What is a vector?
An organism that transfers a pathogen between hosts.
How does persistence affect spread?
Longer survival outside hosts can extend exposure opportunities.
What does quarantine do?
Restricts movement of exposed people to reduce potential transmission.
Why do antibiotics not treat viruses?
They target bacterial structures or processes absent from viruses.
What is an antigen?
A molecular feature recognised by immune receptors or antibodies.
How do mucus and cilia cooperate?
Mucus traps particles and cilia move it towards removal.