Free QCE Year 11 Physical Education Flashcard Review
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What three body systems does motor learning draw on?
The neural, muscular and sensory systems, together with practice and feedback.
Motor skill versus motor program?
A motor skill is a voluntary movement completing a set task; a motor program is the stored plan of muscle commands for that skill.
What does the open–closed continuum classify?
The stability of the environment: open skills respond to changing conditions, closed skills occur in stable, predictable conditions.
Give one discrete, one continuous and one serial skill.
Discrete: volleyball spike. Continuous: freestyle swimming. Serial: gymnastics floor sequence.
Name the five characteristics of motor skill learning.
Improvement, consistency, stability, persistence and adaptability.
List the three stages of the information processing model in order.
Perception, decision-making, response execution: the decision comes before the action.
How does the dynamic systems approach explain movement?
Movement self-organises from interaction of the individual, task and environment; control is not hierarchical and change is non-linear.
Key signs of the cognitive stage (Fitts and Posner)?
Working out the goal, rapid gains, many errors, inefficient and inconsistent movement.
Key signs of the autonomous stage?
Almost automatic, subconscious control, can multitask, minimal variability, few errors.
Six categories of rate limiter?
Technical, perceptual, tactical, psychological, physical and physiological.
Blocked versus random practice?
Blocked repeats one skill before moving on (helps early acquisition); random mixes skills unpredictably (often better retention and transfer).
Intrinsic versus extrinsic feedback?
Intrinsic is sensory information from the movement itself; extrinsic is augmented information from an outside source, including KR and KP.
Define functional anatomy and biomechanics.
Functional anatomy: how muscles and bones function in movement. Biomechanics: the laws of mechanics applied to movement.
Internal versus external force?
Internal forces come from body structures such as muscles and tendons; external forces come from the environment, either contact (friction, impact) or non-contact (gravity).
Four types of motion?
Linear, curvilinear, angular (rotation about an axis) and combination motion.
Formula and unit for momentum?
p = m × v, measured in kg·m/s.
Formula for acceleration?
a = (v − u) ÷ t, in m/s².
State Newton's three laws briefly.
1: inertia, no change in motion without an unbalanced force. 2: F = m × a. 3: every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Three projectile release factors?
Speed, angle and height of release; speed usually has the biggest effect.
How can stability be increased?
Lower the centre of gravity, widen the base of support, keep the line of gravity central over the base, increase mass.