Free HSC Year 11 Modern History Flashcard Review
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What is an archive, and why do modern historians value it?
An organised collection of records preserved for lasting value. Historians evaluate their creators, purposes, dates and context to establish what they support; being held in an archive does not guarantee accuracy.
Give one benefit and one limitation of digitising records.
Benefit: digitised records made available online can broaden searchable access. Limitations: coverage and access vary, OCR can contain errors, and a digital copy may not convey every physical property or context of the original.
How can a historian establish a chronology for a historic site?
Combine stratigraphy, datable objects, maps, plans, photographs and written records so that each type of evidence checks the others.
What did DNA analysis contribute at Fromelles?
DNA comparisons with samples from living relatives contributed to naming soldiers among the 250 recovered in 2009. The identification board considered genetic results alongside historical, artefact and other forensic evidence.
Distinguish authenticity from reliability.
Authenticity: is the source genuine? Reliability: can this genuine source be trusted for the particular question being asked?
What makes corroboration convincing?
Agreement between independent sources can strengthen a claim when each has relevant access and credible evidence. Check for shared origins, copying and errors; different creators or source types alone do not prove independence or truth.
Why does historical context matter when reading a source?
Historical context helps investigate a source’s possible assumptions, pressures and purposes. Establish its creator, date, place and contents; context supports interpretation but does not prove what an unseen source says or means.
Name four types of history.
Any four of: political, economic, social, cultural, military, environmental, gender, local, family, national, transnational or global history.
How do selection, emphasis and omission shape a historical account?
They decide what appears, how much weight it receives and what is left out, which steers the reader towards a particular understanding.
What is an official history? Give an Australian example.
A history commissioned or published by a government or institution. The Australian Government commissioned the twelve-volume Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18; Charles Bean edited the series and wrote its first six volumes.
List five questions for critically analysing a representation of the past.
Who made it? When and why? For which audience? What evidence supports it? What is included, emphasised or omitted?
Why is commemoration often political?
Governments and groups fund, design and choose what is remembered, so commemoration reflects present values and interests as well as the past.
What three elements make up the case-study framework?
Historical context; the nature of the features studied (people, ideas, movements, events, developments); and a relevant historical debate or issue.
When was the Communist Party of Australia founded, and what happened to the 1950 ban?
Founded in Sydney in 1920. The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 was struck down by the High Court in 1951 and a referendum to allow a ban failed that year.
What was the Petrov Affair?
The 1954 defection of Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov, followed by a Royal Commission on Espionage; Labor leader Evatt accused the Menzies government of staging it to win votes at the 1954 election.
Who organised the 1938 Day of Mourning, and what did it demand?
The Aborigines Progressive Association (Ferguson, Patten) and the Australian Aborigines' League (Cooper); it demanded full citizen rights.
When was the National Apology to the Stolen Generations, and what report preceded it?
13 February 2008, delivered by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd; the Bringing Them Home report (1997) documented forced removals.
What were the main consequences of the 1916 Easter Rising?
The executions of its leaders shifted support to Sinn Féin, which won most Irish seats in 1918, leading towards the War of Independence.
What did the 1998 Good Friday Agreement establish?
A power-sharing assembly, cross-border bodies and the principle that Northern Ireland's status changes only with majority consent.
What did the October Manifesto (1905) promise?
Civil liberties and an elected Duma whose consent new laws would need; but the government restored much of its autocratic authority by 1906, so the autocracy largely continued.