Free HSC Year 11 Biology Flashcard Review
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State the three main ideas of cell theory.
All living things are made of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Give three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, 70S ribosomes and circular DNA. Eukaryotes: nucleus, organelles, 80S ribosomes, linear DNA with histones.
Which three structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells?
Cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent central vacuole.
Function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts and packages proteins into vesicles for secretion or delivery.
Why can an electron microscope show ribosomes but a light microscope cannot?
Electrons have a much shorter wavelength, giving resolution near 1 nm versus about 0.2 µm for light.
Describe the fluid mosaic model.
A phospholipid bilayer in which proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins are scattered and can move laterally.
Difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Facilitated diffusion is passive, down a gradient through proteins; active transport uses ATP to move substances against a gradient.
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves by osmosis, the vacuole shrinks and the membrane pulls away from the wall (plasmolysis).
Write the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP).
Explain the induced-fit model.
The active site changes shape slightly when the substrate binds, giving a tight fit that strains bonds and lowers activation energy.
State the complementary base pairing rules in DNA.
Adenine pairs with thymine (2 hydrogen bonds); guanine pairs with cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds).
Two sources of genetic variation in meiosis?
Crossing over between homologous chromosomes in prophase I and independent assortment in metaphase I.
What distinguishes a colonial organism from a multicellular one?
Colonial cells have limited specialisation and many could survive alone; multicellular cells are specialised and interdependent.
List the levels of organisation from smallest to largest.
Organelle → cell → tissue → organ → system → organism.
Formula for SA:V of a cube of side L.
SA:V = 6L² / L³ = 6/L.
Why are cells small?
A small cell has a high SA:V so diffusion can supply its whole volume quickly.
Balanced equation for photosynthesis.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (light, chlorophyll).
Function of spongy mesophyll.
Air spaces give a large moist surface for gas exchange.
What provides the energy for transpiration?
Solar energy evaporating water – the process is passive.
Role of companion cells.
Provide ATP to actively load sucrose into sieve tubes.