Free TCE Sport Science Flashcard Review

Muscle stores very little immediately available ATP, yet cross-bridge cycling and ion pumping require a continuous supply. The phosphagen, glycolytic and aerobic pathways therefore resynthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate as exercise continues.

It transfers phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP very rapidly, supporting the jump's sudden high ATP demand. Its capacity is small because muscle phosphocreatine stores are limited.

The rests may not allow enough aerobic restoration of phosphocreatine before each sprint. Later efforts begin with less phosphocreatine, glycolytic contribution may rise, and accumulated fatigue can reduce peak speed.

Lactate can be transported and oxidised as fuel or used in glucose production. Delayed soreness is associated with unfamiliar or demanding loading and tissue responses, especially after eccentric work, rather than lactate remaining in muscle.

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing oxidative metabolism to sustain a large ATP yield from fuels.

All pathways contribute along an energy continuum. Aerobic metabolism supplies most ATP over prolonged work, while sudden starts, hills or surges raise ATP demand quickly and increase phosphagen and glycolytic contributions.

It means using less glycogen at a specified workload so more remains for later. It does not make carbohydrate unnecessary during high-intensity work or guarantee that an athlete will avoid fatigue.

Rapid ATP demand during the jump and accelerations gives substantial phosphagen support with glycolytic and aerobic contribution. During slower movement, aerobic metabolism predominates and assists phosphocreatine restoration before the next acceleration.

Contribution also depends on intensity, exercise mode, pacing, training status, fuel availability, prior activity and recovery. Duration supports a reasoned predominance judgement, not an exact universal split.

Type I fibres generally have greater oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance. Fast fibres generally support greater force and power, with varying oxidative capacity; recruitment depends on force demand and fatigue.

Ventilation brings air to the lungs, oxygen diffuses across the alveolar-capillary surface, haemoglobin transports it in blood, circulation delivers it to muscle, and tissue extraction supplies oxidative metabolism.

Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume = 150 × 120 = 18,000 mL/min = 18.0 L/min.

Haemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells through the circulation. Myoglobin binds oxygen within muscle and supports oxygen handling near the site of use.

It is the gap between the oxygen equivalent of the exercise's energy demand and actual oxygen uptake while uptake adjusts. Anaerobic pathways help meet ATP demand during this transition.

It may be a submaximal steady state in which oxygen uptake has stabilised for that workload. VO2 max requires the highest uptake reached during an appropriate maximal test.

Convert 3.6 L to 3600 mL, then divide by 60 kg: 3600 ÷ 60 = 60 mL/kg/min.

52 × 75 = 3900 mL/min, which is 3.9 L/min.

Relative VO2 rises from 60.0 to about 62.1 mL/kg/min. The ratio improved because its denominator fell; this alone does not prove oxygen-delivery capacity improved.

They may differ in running economy, sustainable fraction of VO2 max, pacing, technique and sport-specific fitness. VO2 max is a capacity measure, not a complete performance explanation.

The increasingly steep rise at the higher stages supports an inflection region where accumulation outpaces removal more sharply. A precise threshold still depends on the test and analytical method.