Free TCE Modern History Flashcard Review

A wave of fear of communist and anarchist revolution after the Russian Revolution and the 1919 strikes and bombings. Attorney-General A. Mitchell Palmer's raids arrested thousands of suspected radicals and many immigrants were deported.

Laws that capped immigration with national-origins quotas favouring northern and western Europeans; the 1924 Act cut quotas further and effectively barred immigration from Japan. They express nativist division in the 1920s.

A revived Klan founded in 1915 that grew to millions of members by the mid-1920s, targeting African Americans, Catholics, Jews and immigrants; it declined after scandals, notably the 1925 conviction of Indiana leader D. C. Stephenson.

The nationwide ban on making, transporting and selling alcohol under the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act. Widespread evasion fuelled bootlegging and organised crime; the 21st Amendment repealed it in 1933.

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern and western cities from about 1915, driven by Jim Crow, lynching and the boll weevil, and pulled by industrial jobs. It produced the Harlem Renaissance and new urban racial conflict.

Labels for the 1920s urban culture of jazz, dance halls, cinema and new freedoms for young women. It symbolised modern values that rural and religious Americans saw as a threat.

The approach of Harding, Coolidge and Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon: low taxes on high incomes, high tariffs (Fordney–McCumber, 1922) and minimal regulation. Critics argue it encouraged speculation and inequality before the Crash.

Hoover encouraged voluntary cooperation, created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) to lend to banks and railways, and signed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff (1930), but he resisted direct federal relief. His use of troops against the Bonus Army in 1932 damaged him badly.

Thousands of unemployed First World War veterans who camped in Washington demanding early payment of their service bonus. Troops under General MacArthur cleared them with tear gas and fire, symbolising Hoover's apparent indifference.

Roosevelt's first months in office, when Congress passed emergency measures including the Emergency Banking Act, the CCC, the AAA, the TVA and the National Industrial Recovery Act. They restored confidence and expanded federal power.

A more reform-oriented phase including the Works Progress Administration, the Wagner Act protecting unions and the Social Security Act. It responded to pressure from critics such as Huey Long and to Supreme Court defeats.

The Supreme Court case that struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act's industry codes as an unconstitutional delegation of power. It pushed Roosevelt towards new legislation and later the court-packing plan.

Roosevelt's proposal to add up to six justices to the Supreme Court. It was defeated in Congress and divided Democrats, although the Court began upholding New Deal laws in 1937.

From the left, Huey Long ('Share Our Wealth'), Father Coughlin and Dr Francis Townsend said it did too little; from the right, business groups such as the American Liberty League said it threatened liberty and property.

An amendment to the Neutrality Acts after war began in Europe allowing belligerents to buy American arms if they paid cash and carried them in their own ships. In practice it favoured Britain and France.

The Japanese carrier attack on the US Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, which killed about 2,400 Americans. The USA declared war on Japan the next day; Germany and Italy declared war on the USA on 11 December.

Roosevelt's order that led to the forced removal and internment of about 120,000 people of Japanese descent on the West Coast, most of them US citizens. It is key evidence of wartime racial division.

Truman authorised atomic attacks on Hiroshima (6 August) and Nagasaki (9 August). Defenders cite the saving of invasion casualties; revisionists such as Gar Alperovitz argue that impressing the Soviet Union was also a motive.

Labor Prime Minister Hughes failed twice to win conscription referendums (1916, 1917), split the Labor Party and led the Nationalist government. At Versailles he opposed Japan's racial equality proposal.

The Bruce–Page government's 1920s program for development: British migrants, British capital and protected or Empire markets for Australian produce. It left Australia heavily indebted when the Depression struck.