Water treatment, softening, and desalination

What this note covers

1. Match treatment to the contaminants
2. Coagulation and flocculation collect clay particles
3. Hardness and soap reactions
4. Zeolites exchange cations rather than remove all salts
5. Reverse osmosis separates water from saline feed
6. Chlorine equilibria connect pH to disinfection
7. A mass balance across reverse osmosis
8. Hardness exchange and chlorine speciation

8 sections · 10 key terms & formulas · 6 common mistakes